Complete Explanation of CBSE Notes
An atom consists of the nucleus which is positively charged. The atomic radius is larger than the nucleus’s radius. The mass of an atom is focused on the nucleus. The atom consists of neutrons which have the same mass as protons. The protons and neutrons are bound with each other with a nuclear force. The energies present in nuclear activities is much larger than that of a chemical process. Please refer Nuclei Class 12 Notes for more revision notes.
What are Atoms?
Atoms Class 12 Notes is electrically neutral and are made up of the same amount of negative and positive charges. In Thomson’s model, atoms were described as having a spherical cloud of positive charges with embedded electrons. In Rutherford’s model, one tiny nucleus consists of most of the mass of the atom along with its positive charges and the electrons revolve around it. Rutherford’s model didn’t fulfill two explanations.
Thomson’s model has a defect of unstable electrostatically and Rutherford’s model is electromagnetically unstable.
It is the phenomenon in which the electrons are emitted from the metal surface when the light is illuminated in a suitable frequency. The photoelectric effect is the conversion of light to electrical energy. It also follows the law of conservation of energy and is an instantaneous process. Please refer Dual Nature Of Radiation And Matter Class 12 Notes for more revision notes.
Waves when released from a point source, scatters in all directions, but the light is seen to be traveling in narrow rays. All the aspects and behavior of light has been explained in the experiments of Fresnel, Young, and Huygens.
According to Young’s experiment, the key feature about the wave is interference of amplitude occurring due to various sources and can be constructive and destructive in nature.
The limit of the ability of a microscope and telescopes of differentiating small objects is defined by the wavelength of the light. The limits of ray optics are defined by diffraction. The polarisation phenomena are specific to light waves or transverse waves but interference and diffraction also occur for longitudinal waves such as the sound waves in air. PLease refer Wave Optics Class 12 Notes for more revision notes.
The real image of a body which is being positioned between the 2f and f from a convex lens can be captured on a screen which has been placed at the location of the image even if the screen is removed. The screen simply diffuses the rays from a given point on the object are converging to an image in space and again diverging away. The laser show projection is an appropriate example of this phenomena.
The formation of an image needs regular refraction/reflection. The rays generated from a single point is expected to reach the same image point. That is why certain types of objects such as the page of a book doesn’t produce an image. Please refer Ray Optics And Optical Instruments Class 12 Notes for more revision notes.
Electromagnetic Waves Class 12 Notes possess energy when they move through space and they share this energy through their magnetic and electric fields. These waves are also responsible for transporting momentum also. With the strike of total energy on a surface, the pressure is seen to be exerted on the surface. If the total energy transferred to a surface is taken as U and in the time t, then total momentum delivered to the surface is p=U/c.
What is Alternating Current?
In a circuit consisting of Alternating Current, the change in the current and the electromotive force can be seen with respect to time. Please refer Alternating Current Class 12 Notes for more revision notes.
Mutual Inductance:
It is the property by virtue of which two closely lying coils opposes any change in the strength of current flowing through the other by developing an induced e.m.f. Please refer Electromagnetic Induction Class 12 Notes for more revision notes.
What happens to the dipole moment of a magnet?
When a magnet is experiencing a dipole moment m, and it is placed in a uniform magnetic field B, then it experiences:
Gauss’s law for Magnetism:
Gauss’s law of magnetism points out the fact that the net magnetic flux through any surface which is closed tends to be Zero. Please refer Magnetism And Matter Class 12 Notes for more revision notes.
A charge can produce magnetic field if it is in motion. Magnetic field can also interact with a moving charge.
Lorentz Force:
Assume a point charge q (moving with a velocity v and, located at r at a given time t) in presence of both the electric field E (r) and the magnetic field B (r). The force on an electric charge q due to both of them is given by, F = q [E (r) + v × B (r)] ≡ FElectric + FMagnetic. Please refer Moving Charges And Magnetism Class 12 Notes for more revision notes.
CBSE Revision Notes