Complete Explanation of CBSE Notes
Carbohydrates Biomolecules are the complex organic molecules that form the basis of life and are responsible for growth and maintenance of all living organisms. They include carbohydrates, proteins, enzymes, vitamins, nucleic acids. Carbohydrates are the polyhydroxy aldehydes or polyhydroxy ketones. Please refer Biomolecules Class 12 Important Questions for more information.
Aliphatic and Aromatic Amines Amines are derivatives of ammonia (NH3) in which hydrogen atom/s are replaced by the corresponding number of alkyl or aryl group. Based on the number of hydrogen-atom/s replaced by alkyl or aryl groups, amines can be classified as primary (1), secondary (2) and tertiary amines (3). Based on the nature of group linked to the central N-atom, amines are classified as aliphatic amines, aromatic amines and aryl alkyl amines. Please refer Amines: Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen Class 12 Important Questions for more information.
Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones Those organic compounds in which the carbonyl group (>C=O) is bonded to a carbon atom and a hydrogen atom are called aldehydes. In Ketones, carbonyl group is bonded to two alkyl groups. In Aldehydes and Ketones, the carbonyl carbon atom is sp2 hybridised and forms three sigma bonds. Please refer Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Class 12 Important Questions for more information.
Preparation of Alcohols Alcohols are the hydroxy derivatives of aliphatic hydrocarbons. Alcohols are classified as mono –, di–, tri- or polyhydric compounds depending on the basis of presence of one, two, three or many hydroxyl groups respectively in them. On the basis of the hybridisation of the carbon atom to which the hydroxyl group is attached, the monohydric alcohols can be primary, secondary, tertiary, allylic, benzylic and vinylic. Please refer Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers Class 12 Important Questions for more information.
Haloalkanes Haloalkanes are the halogen derivatives of alkanes. On the basis of number of halogen atoms, haloalkanes are classified as mono, di, tri or polyhalogen compounds. On the basis of nature of carbon atom, haloalkanes are classified as primary, secondary and tertiary. Please refer Haloalkanes and Haloarenes Class 12 Important Questions for more information.
Coordination Compounds – I Coordination compounds (complexes) are the compounds in which the central metal atom is linked to a number of ions or neutral molecules by coordinate bonds. On the basis of the nature of charge, coordination compounds may be Cationic complex, Anionic complex or Neutral complex. Please refer Coordination Compounds Class 12 Important Questions for more information.
d- BLOCK ELEMENTS The d-block elements are often called ‘Transition elements’ because their position in the periodic table is between the s- and p-block elements. The general electronic configuration is (n–1) d1–10ns0–2. In second and third transition series, there are more irregularities in the electronic configurations as compared to those in first transition series due to electron-electron and nuclear-electron interactions. Please refer The d- and f-Block Elements Class 12 Important Questions for more information.
GROUP-15 Elements of group-15 consist of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Arsenic, Antimony, and Bismuth. Nitrogen makes about 78% by volume of the atmosphere. The general outer electronic configuration of Group 15 elements is ns2np3. Properties like atomic radius, ionisation enthalpy, electronegativity, metallic character vary when we move down the group. Please refer The p-Block Elements Class 12 Important Questions for more information.
General principles of Metallurgy Metals occur in nature either in native state or in combined state. Minerals are the naturally occurring chemical substances which occur in the earth’s crust along with the impurities. Ores are those minerals from which metals can be extracted profitably. The scientific and technological process used for isolating the metals from its ores is known as metallurgy. Please refer General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements Class 12 Important Questions for more information.
Reaction rate and rate law Surface chemistry deals with the phenomena that occur at the surfaces or interfaces. Many important phenomena like corrosion, electrode processes, heterogeneous catalysis, dissolution and crystallisation occur at interfaces. The accumulation of the molecular species at the surface rather than in the bulk of a solid or liquid is termed adsorption. Please refer Surface Chemistry Class 12 Important Questions for more information.
CBSE Revision Notes